1.Turbidity (浊度)

Turbidity provides a measure of the clarity of the water. As water becomes more murky, turbidity increases. Turbidity is caused by inputs of suspended and dissolved solids in the water which decreases the amount of light penetration. Sources contributing to turbidity include: soil erosion; runoff from urban and agricultural areas; wastewater and stormwater inputs; algae and plant materials; and bottom feeders stirring up sediment. Materials causing turbidity may also be responsible for clogging fish gills, reducing available habitat, interfering with egg and larvae development, smothering fish eggs and aquatic insects larvae, and suffocating newly-hatched insect larvae.

2.Total Phosphorus (总磷)

Phosphorus is an essential element and is needed for growth and other metabolic processes. In freshwater lakes, phosphorus is often found to be the growth limiting nutrient because it occurs in the least amount relative to the needs of plants. Phosphorus can occur in many forms, but it is inorganic phosphate (PO4) that readily is utilized and taken up by plants for growth. Phosphorus does not readily dissolve in water and can form insoluble forms with iron, calcium, and aluminum and precipitate to the bottom of lakes. Under anaerobic conditions, phosphorus can be released back into the water column. Sources of phosphorus may include: human, animal, and industrial waste; storm water; soil erosion; and excessive use of fertilizers for crops, lawns, and home gardens.

3.Total Alkalinity (总碱度)

Alkalinity refers to the amount and types of chemical compounds that can shift the pH toward the higher side of neutrality. Alkalinity is usually measured by the presence of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonates (CO3=) and acts to buffer lakes from acidic inputs, thus is a measure of the buffering capacity of a lake.
Lakes with high alkalinity have high pH values while lakes with low alkalinity have low pH values

4.Dissolved Oxygen (溶解氧)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is necessary for the maintenance of a healthy aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic organisms differ in the amount of oxygen they require for survival. For example, fish such as trout and pike require higher concentrations of DO for survival, while carp and catfish are able to survive at much lower concentrations (less than 5 mg/L).
Dissolved oxygen is supplied to a water body through the atmosphere where oxygen mixes with water through wind and wave action, and through photosynthesis by algae and other aquatic. Oxygen is more easily dissolved in cold water than in warm water; therefore, the amount of oxygen that water will hold increases as the temperature decreases.

5.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (生化需氧量)

The amount of oxygen used by microorganisms in the aerobic oxidation of organic matter is a measure of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
Nutrients contribute to high BOD in water systems by stimulating plant growth. When the plants die, aerobic bacteria utilize oxygen in breaking down the decaying organic matter which leads to an increase in BOD.
A five day incubation period of the water sample is often used to determine the BOD.

6.Total Solids (总固体)

7.Water Temperature (水温)

8.Hardness (硬度)